It is generally believed that the art of Karate-Do
can be traced back to sixth century China. There, in the Mt. Sung
Hennan Province, Dharma, and the founder of Zen, a sect of Buddhism
composed a sutra or collection of precepts to promote the physical
development of the monks and missionaries to help protect them
from bandits and criminals.
The sutra developed by Dharma was called "Ekkin-Kyo,"
and it is believed that it evolved into Shaolin Temple Kenpo,
" the way of Fists". Unfortunately, not much is known
about this period in the history of Karate-Do and the relationship
between Karate-Do and Shaolin Kenpo remains an ambiguous one.
In the ancient times there was no law prohibiting
people from arming themselves. Weapons were standard in fighting,
and most cultures have their own sword fighting system. Japan
is renowned for its Samurai culture in the caste feudal system.
The code of the Samurai was developed in the 18th century. The
effective use of a sword was essential for a warrior. Samurai
practiced with them and carried them in daily life as the symbol
of their class.
In the later part of the 14th century however, the
influence of the Chinese techniques on the development of Karate-Do
becomes much more apparent. Under the ruler King Hassi of Chuzan
of Okinawa, a policy was enacted prohibiting the people of Okinawa
from arming themselves. In the 16th century, Japan's most southern
clan, the powerful Satsuma clan, invaded Okinawa. They colonized
Okinawa for use as a trading post with China. They also levied
taxes on their goods. These events forced the people of Okinawa
to secretly develop the so-called " Te". In addition
to the weaponless fighting methods, Okinawans were using their
farm tools for defense and developing fighting systems. These
systems were referred to as "Te", meaning hands, techniques,
and methods. In combination with the influence of Chinese techniques
it was often called "Kara", referring to the Tang Dynasty
of China, that there was a sense of more preciousness as today's
foreign goods, and "Te", techniques.
In
1868, the Meiji restoration ended the Japanese feudal system.
Japan opened free trade with western countries. Western culture,
its industrial methods and educational system flourished in Japan
in the late 1800's and early 1900's. This Meiji restoration brought
the influence of western laws and values to Japan. The major reform
was the abolition of the Samurai feudal system and the establishment
of a centralized governing system. In short time, the new laws
and customs were used to abolish the traditional carrying of the
samurai sword. Hairstyles were also changed to a westernized cut.
The Japanese no longer wore Samurai knots in their hair, and they
were encouraged to wear western suit and dress.
In this era, in Karate, there were no specific styles,
names, ranks or belts that are known today. Lacking formal names,
people generally referred to various labels by putting the names
of masters and Katas (as instructional methods) together, creating
a label for the particular school. Similarly, distinctions of
Karate were also named according to their distinct districts.
The three prominent centers of Karate in Okinawa
were Shuri, Naha, and Tomari. You must understand that the teaching
methods at the time were not like today's systematic rational
methods. There were only a few Katas in each location, which were
taught and developed. Only a small number of people took the private
lessons. Later, Karate came to Tokyo, the capital of Japan, which
recorded an exhibition in 1922 of Gichin Funakoshi. Funakoshi's
Karate-Do later became the modern Shotokan system.
In this era many prominent Karate masters came to
Japan, even though Okinawa was a part of Japan, Okinawa's history
and its remote location resulted in the people of Okinawa being
considered as colonized peasants and mistreated by most common
Japanese. The most prominent Karate Masters came to Japan, among
them were; Kenwa Mabuni, founder of Shito Ryu, and Chojun Miyagi,
founder of Goju Ryu.
After the Karate Masters came to Japan in the 1920's,
the present day style of karate developed; they have descended
from the primitive Okinawan forms. It was not until the 1930's
that a label was claimed and developed as a style, forced by the
other established Japanese martial arts societies. Chojun Miyagi,
a senior disciple of Kanryo Higaonna, first claimed a label to
his style as Goju-Ryu (Hard Soft Style). Kenwa Mabuni named his
style as Shito-Ryu. These two were very close friends and developed
most of the technical bases of today's Karate.
The form of Kumite as practiced in today's Karate,
was also influenced by other Japanese martial arts such as Jujitsu,
Judo and Kendo masters. Until the late 1930's, Karate-Do practice
emphasized only the Kata and its applications.
The term Karate-Do also was influenced by the Japanese
Zen Buddhist sect and became "Kara" (empty) "Te"
(techniques) and "Do" (The way of.). Dr. Jigoro Kano,
the founder of Judo, established the current belt system during
this era. Judo was a synthesis of Daito-Ryu and other Ju Jitsu.
Dr. Kano established and created Ju (Soft) Do (The way of) from
Jujitsu; these were methods for the development of ideology not
just the development of technical skills.
Gichin Funakoshi aimed to teach only university
students who were candidates for the governing leadership group.
Funakoshi did not like his students to participate in tournaments.
That young Japanese group developed today's sparring
methods and later developed the basis of today's tournament systems,
not those of Okinawan residents' Karate instructors. Okinawan
masters never even dreamed of competing with each other under
established rules. They thought Karate techniques were so deadly
that it would be impossible to hold any tournament. The first
appearance of the modern version of a Karate tournament was held
in the late 1950's in Japan. All Japan Collegiate Karate tournaments
were the first tournaments ever held in Japan including Okinawa.
It went on to develop Karate-Do worldwide. |